Crew Resource Management - An Approach to System Safety

La motivación

La forma de como atraer y motivar a los alumnos pilotos en la obtención de sus objetivos de vuelo, es la principal característica que debe tener un Instructor de Vuelo. 

                                                                   JMDF

ILS Operation

Real Pilot Story: Trapped On Top

No demonizar los aeródromos

Luis Alberto Franco

MIÉRCOLES 12 DE ABRIL DE 2017

La aviación necesita de aeródromos para poder desarrollarse y brindar servicio. En la Argentina -y el mundo- hay aeropuertos y aeródromos, todo aeropuerto es aeródromo, pero no todo aeródromo es aeropuerto. Un aeropuerto siempre es de uso público, los aeródromos no siempre lo son. Los aeropuertos tienen instalaciones e infraestructura permanentes que son necesarias para el transporte aerocomercial. 

Por lo general un aeropuerto tiene servicios de aduana y migraciones. En cuanto a aeródromos, los hay controlados y no controlados. Los primeros cuentan con servicios que coordinan las llegadas y salidas de aeronaves en su área, los segundos no brindan un servicio de coordinación porque la densidad de su tránsito no a merita que se destine personal técnico a esas funciones. 

Para operar en aeródromos no controlados existen procedimientos estandarizados por la autoridad aeronáutica. En ciertas zonas hay aeródromos y aeropuertos que tienen horarios de funcionamiento específicos o que brindan servicios de protección al vuelo en una cierta franja horaria. 

También hay aeródromos privados e incluso lugares aptos declarados para la operación de ciertas aeronaves. Todo esto es legal y está supervisado por la autoridad aeronáutica que emite notams (notice to airman, notificaciones para aviadores), que informan, entre otras cosas, cuándo un aeródromo está habilitado y los que por diversas razones, generalmente vinculadas a la seguridad, no lo están (como el caso del aeródromo de Navarro, en las noticias de estos días por narcotráfico).

Los aeroclubes que están sujetos a inspecciones, tanto en su calidad de "persona jurídica" como por las autoridades aeronáuticas, funcionan en aeródromos provinciales o federales que por lo general administran. 

Son y han sido instituciones útiles para el desarrollo de la aviación y han resultado de gran auxilio público en ocasión de catástrofes naturales y también para ayudar a las fuerzas del orden en la prevención del delito, por ejemplo, para localizar "piratas del asfalto" o delincuentes en fuga.

Todos sabemos que quien está al margen de la ley utiliza cualquier artimaña para llevar a cabo sus fechorías; del mismo modo, los narcotraficantes pueden utilizar aeródromos para ejecutar operaciones criminales. 

Las estadísticas prueban que por lo general los vuelos con estupefacientes se realizan en pistas clandestinas de aterrizaje improvisadas en caminos rurales o campos precariamente acondicionados. Son contados los casos en los cuales los narcotraficantes utilizan aeródromos habilitados.

En ambientes judiciales y en los medios se ha puesto el acento sobre la necesidad de controlar los aeródromos y/o tener registro de todos los vuelos, esto sería prácticamente imposible de realizar en aeródromos no controlados y una dramática dilapidación de esfuerzos. Con las actuales políticas de seguridad el control del espacio aéreo parece haber mejorado y, conforme se ha anunciado, será aún más eficaz con la incorporación de tecnología.

Los aeródromos públicos o privados- no tienen mayor relevancia en los delitos; en consecuencia, es mejor profundizar lo que está demostrando algunos resultados que implementar medidas inocuas al tráfico de estupefacientes pero gravosas para las operaciones aeronáuticas productivas y deportivas.

Piloto aerocomercial y ex piloto militar. Director de la publicación Aeromarket. Licenciado en Ciencias Políticas y máster en Economía

Descent to MDA or DH and Beyond - P-8740-09 Author: Federal Aviation Administration Date: 1996

Introduction Note: Some material in this document has been updated from the original. A common goal for all instrument approaches is to get the pilot (and the aircraft) into a position from where a normal landing can be made, usually with visual references. The Aeronautical Information Manual) (AIM) defines minimum descent altitude, or MDA, as "the lowest altitude, expressed in feet above mean sea level (MSL), to which descent is authorized on final approach, or during circle-to-land maneuvering, in execution of a standard instrument approach procedure (SIAP) where no electronic glideslope is provided." The AIM defines decision height, or DH, as "height at which a decision must be made during an instrument landing system (ILS), microwave landing system (MLS), or precision approach radar (PAR) instrument approach to either continue the approach or to execute a missed approach." This pamphlet is designed to give you some helpful hints and tips to get you safely to the MDA or DH and beyond.

Preflight Preparation Call Flight Service When talking to an Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) briefer, be sure to get all notices to airmen (NOTAMs) pertaining to your flight. These include local NOTAMs (NOTAM-L) for departure and destination, distant NOTAMs (NOTAM-D), and - vital for IFR flight - flight data center (FDC) NOTAMs. Be sure to get not only current NOTAMs, but also those already published in the bi-weekly NOTAMs. If you are using direct user access terminal (DUAT) for your weather briefing information, you will need to use a site-specific airport identifier to get FDC NOTAMs. It may be necessary to call the AFSS to be sure that you have the NOTAMs already published in the bi-weekly NOTAM publication. You might also want to call your destination airport to see if there are any special local "Letters to Airmen" that could affect your flight. Review Charts After obtaining a weather briefing and determining which runway is likely to be in use at your destination, review all possible approach charts. Be sure to note any obstructions and their location relative to the airport. Make sure that you have current enroute, approach, and sectional charts on board. It is not a good idea to switch back and forth between National Aeronautical Charting Office (NACO) and Jeppesen charts; choose one format and use it on a regular basis to ensure that you know exactly where to look for the information you need at any given time. An aircraft cockpit is not the place to familiarize yourself with a chart format that you are not accustomed to using! You will also want to have all of the approach charts for your destination airport (and also your alternate, if one is required) readily available. Trying to find the right chart when you are also flying the aircraft in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), especially in single pilot operations, is not consistent with either good judgment or good planning. Know what your options are with respect to the approach procedures. If the ILS glideslope (GS) fails, are you ready to fly the localizer (LOC) approach? Are you proficient enough with your equipment to fly a GPS approach? Is your equipment legal to use on a GPS approach? Are you equipped -- and proficient -- enough for VOR/DME or NDB approaches? Think through these points in advance. If you do not have the equipment required or the training needed to fly one or more of the approaches at your destination, the best time to figure that out is on the ground. Now is a good time to ensure that all the navigational aids in your aircraft -- VOR, GPS, DME, ADF -- are working properly. LPV, LNAV, VNAV? With the advent of satellite navigation, instrument pilots today have a number of new terms to understand on instrument RNAV: This term refers to "area navigation." There are many different levels of authorizations for use of RNAV approach systems. Factors determining the level of authorization include the type of equipment installed in the aircraft, the redundancy of that equipment, its operational status, the level of flight crew training, the level of the operator's FAA authorization, etc. APV: Approach with vertical guidance. VNAV: VNAV stands for "vertical navigation." Authorization to use VNAV on a conventional nonprecision approach, RNAV approaches, or LNAV/VNAV approaches is found in that operator's OpsSpecs, AFM, or other FAA approved document. Important: Do not assume that a GPS navigator with VNAV capability will produce glideslope-like vertical guidance. On many common GPS navigators, the VNAV function is only a descent planning and situational awareness tool. Know your equipment! LNAV: LNAV stands for "lateral navigation" LNAV minimums are provided for RNAV systems that do not produce any VNAV information. Because vertical guidance is not provided, the procedure minimum altitude is published as an MDA. These minimums are used in the same manner as conventional nonprecision approach minimums. Other RNAV systems require special approval. LPV: LPV is not an acronym, but you might think of it as "localizer performance with vertical guidance." The term refers to APV minimums that use Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) to provide electronic vertical guidance capability. Important: Your aircraft must have WAAS avionics equipment approved for these approaches in order to fly to LPV minimums. LNAV/VNAV: Minimums listed as LNAV/VNAV are APV minimums used by aircraft with RNAV equipment that provides both lateral and vertical information in the approach environment, including WAAS avionics approved for LNAV/VNAV approaches, certified barometric-VNAV (Baro-VNAV) systems with an IFR approach approved GPS, certified Baro- VNAV systems with an IFR approach approved WAAS system, or approach certified RNP 0.3 systems. Minimums are shown as DAs because the approaches are flown using an electronic glidepath. Other RNAV systems require special approval. List Your Information Sources From the approach charts and the Airport/Facility Directory A/FD, determine whether radar is available. You may also want to know the Minimum Vectoring Altitude for the destination area, to determine if a visual or contact approach is possible. Find out what sources of weather reporting exist at your destination: ATIS, AWOS, ASOS, etc. and be sure that you have the frequencies for each one readily available. Review Personal Minimums Before departing, review your personal minimums and compare them to conditions you expect at departure, while enroute, and at your destination. Take into account how current and proficient you are, your experience level, and your familiarity with the aircraft and its systems. If you are a relatively new instrument pilot, set your minimums high - possibly even VFR or MVFR conditions - until you gain experience in the system, and in the type of aircraft and equipment you will operate. In addition, keep in mind that personal minimums may need to change on any given day. If, for example, you are flying an unfamiliar airplane, or if you are tired from a long day at work, you may not want to attempt low approaches. Make an Escape Plan One of the most important things to do in your preflight planning for IFR flight is to find, and plan, your escape route. Don't launch your flight without knowing where to find the nearest present, or forecast, VFR weather that is within range of your aircraft. You might also find it helpful to identify a suitable airport for each 20-30 mile segment of your route. The VFR escape plan could also be very useful in a lost comm situation. (Note: It's a good idea to review lost comm procedures from time to time.) Enroute Actions Get Weather Updates Note: Some information in this section comes from the GA Pilot's Guide to Weather Planning, Weather Self-Briefings, and Weather Decision Making.(http://www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/media/ga_weather_decision_making.pdf) Staying safe requires staying alert to weather changes. GA pilots and their aircraft operate in (rather than above) most weather. At typical GA aircraft speeds, making a 200-mile trip can leave a two to three hour weather information gap between the preflight briefing and the actual flight. In-flight updates are vital. Sources of enroute weather information include: Visual Updates. One of the most important things you can do is to look outside. Use your eyes to survey the weather and literally see whether the conditions around you match the conditions that were reported or forecast. Sometimes there are local deviations in weather conditions (isolated cells, fog, etc.) that may not be immediately known to the FSS specialist or that may not appear on weather-product depictions, especially if there is no weather-reporting capability at your departure point. Even if you looked at radar during your preflight briefing process, remember that NEXRAD data is at least 8 minutes old by the time you see it on a display, and older still by the time you are ready to depart. Weather can change very rapidly. ATIS/ASOS/AWOS. One of the easiest ways to monitor conditions en route is to listen periodically to ATIS and ASOS/AWOS broadcasts along your route. These broadcasts can help you update and validate preflight weather information about conditions along your route of flight. As you approach your destination, be sure to write down information from the current ATIS, ASOS, or AWOS broadcast. Enroute Flight Advisory Service (EFAS, or Flight Watch). Available on 122.0 in the continental United States from 5,000 AGL to 17,500 MSL (124.67 at higher altitudes), EFAS, addressed as Flight Watch, is a service specifically designed to provide en route aircraft with timely and meaningful weather advisories pertinent to the type of flight intended, route of flight, and altitude. If you are in contact with ATC, request permission to leave the frequency to contact EFAS. Provide your aircraft identification and the name of the VOR nearest to your position. Air Traffic Control (ATC). Pay attention to the chatter on the ATC frequency. Are other GA aircraft along your route requesting diversions? You can also request information on the present location of weather, which the controller will try to provide if workload permits. Note: Please see the separate Learning Center Library documents on new ATC procedures for describing weather radar echo data to pilots. Datalink and Weather Avoidance Equipment. Radar and lightning detectors have been available in some GA aircraft for many years. These devices can contribute significantly to weather awareness in the cockpit. An increasing number of GA aircraft are now being equipped with weather datalink equipment, which uses satellites to transmit weather data such as METARs, TAFs, and NEXRAD radar to the cockpit, where it is often shown as an overlay on the multifunction display (MFD). Handheld devices with weather datalink capability are also a popular source of en route weather information. Bear in mind, though, that one of the most important, and critical, things to know about datalink is that regardless of the transmission method, it does not provide "real-time" information and must not be used for "tactical" weather flying. Brief the Approach After obtaining the most recent weather from ATIS, ASOS, or AWOS, it is time to review the appropriate approach chart. If you have another qualified pilot on board, ask him or her to brief the approach. If you are operating as a single pilot, brief yourself. You may want to use the following format: Conduct IFR Approach Briefing Item Example Type of Approach "This will be a straight-in VOR approach to Runway 23 at Bedford Airport." Frequencies "VOR frequency is 115.3 MHz; tower is 119.0." Headings "Final approach course is 228 degrees." Altitudes "The MDA for this approach is 680'." Rate of Descent "The required rate of descent is 500 fpm at 120 knots indicated." Timing "Time from FAF to missed approach point is 2 minutes." Elevation "Field elevation is 133; touchdown zone elevation is 333." Runway length "Runway length is 6,500." Notes "ADF required; use Boston altimeter setting if local setting not received." Missed Approach Procedure "MAP is climbing right turn to 2,000, direct BE LOM and hold." For another approach brief option, see Figure 5-24, FAA-H-8261-1 Instrument Procedures Manual. To the extent that your equipment permits, set up radios and navigational aids for the approach (e.g., put approach frequencies into the "standby" position on your comm and nav radios). It is also a good idea to set up radios for the missed approach procedure before starting the actual approach. On the Approach Complete the Checklist Before starting the approach, complete as much of the landing checklist as you can. If you have airspeed, altitude, and/or heading "bugs" installed, set them to the appropriate values to give yourself a visual reminder of speeds, altitudes, and headings. As you review and set these values, think about how the wind will affect your aircraft, and how you must maneuver to compensate for it. Note: If there is a large aircraft ahead, plan on staying above the glideslope (GS) to avoid wake turbulence. Lower the Landing Gear If you are flying an airplane with retractable gear, it is a good idea to lower the gear when you are 1/2 dot above the GS or at a GS intercept on a precision approach. On a non-precision approach, lower the gear at the final approach fix (FAF). If, however, you are going to circle to land in a multi-engine airplane with one engine inoperative, do not extend the landing gear until you are abeam the point of intended landing on the runway in use. This maneuver is very dangerous, and should be attempted only when it is not possible to divert to another airport with better weather or a runway alignment that permits a straight-in approach. Make Callouts Once established on the approach, use the profile view for best reference information. Verbal callouts help you maintain situational awareness. If you have another pilot on board, ask him or her to make verbal callouts for 1,000, 500, and 100 feet above minimums for the approach. If you are operating as a single pilot, make the verbal callouts yourself. When to Descend What Do you Need? When you are on an instrument approach, the regulations (14 CFR 91.175(c)(3)) state that you may descend below MDA or DH only if: The aircraft is continuously in a position allowing for normal rate of descent to a landing on the intended runway; The flight visibility is at or above the visibility required to complete the approach; and At least one of the following visual references for the intended runway is distinctly visible and identifiable to the pilot: The approach light system, except that you may not descend below 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation using the approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also distinctly visible and identifiable The threshold. The threshold markings; The threshold lights; The runway end identifier lights; The visual approach slope indicator; The touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings; The runway or runway markings; The runway lights. VASI or PAPI When you have visual contact with the runway, fly the Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI), if it is available. If you have the aircraft established with a crosswind correction, do not immediately point the nose of the aircraft at the runway when you break out (a natural tendency). Trust your wind correction angle, which will keep you tracking toward the center line until the point you would normally straighten and lower the wind for a normal crosswind landing. VDP The Visual Descent Point (VDP) is a defined point on a straight-in, non-precision approach from which you can descend below the MDA, as long as you have the required visual reference. If a VDP is available, it will be indicated by a "v" on the profile view portion of the instrument approach procedure chart. Do not descend below MDA before reaching the VDP. Stay on the Procedure The CDI will be more sensitive as you fly closer to the VOR or as you fly inbound on a localizer course, so make your corrections smaller as you get closer. Once you spot the runway, or one of the required visual references, it may be tempting to give up on the procedure. Don't! Unless you are VFR conditions and you have canceled your IFR flight plan with ATC, do not deviate from the published approach procedure. With respect to canceling the IFR flight plan, please do cancel whenever you are in a position to proceed to the airport under VFR conditions. If there is another aircraft awaiting a departure release, especially at a non-towered airport, your IFR cancellation will permit ATC to release the other aircraft. Circling Approaches So far, this discussion has focused primarily on straight-in approaches. What are the rules and good practices for safe circle-to-land approaches? A quick review: a circling maneuver is initiated by the pilot, with ATC approval, to position the aircraft for landing on a runway when a straight-in landing from an instrument approach cannot be done. You must have visual contact with the airport before attempting a circle-to-land maneuver, and you must maintain visual contact with the airport at all times while circling to land. In a two-pilot operation, the flying pilot should brief the non-flying pilot, before circling, on the direction to be flown after gaining visual contact with the airport. The briefing should also include the missed approach procedure and other pertinent details (see approach brief format in previous chapter). when flying the maneuver, the pilot should limit the bank to 30 degrees, and should remain at or above the MDA while circling. You will be circling well below pattern altitude, so be very careful. Also, remember that you cannot descend from MDA until you are in a position to descend to the runway using normal maneuvers and a normal descent rate.) After doing the straight-in portion of the approach, you may find it helpful to turn 30 degrees to the runway, if you are landing on the opposite end, and then fly a parallel downwind until in proper position for a base turn. You must execute a missed approach if you lose visual contact with the airport at any point during the maneuver. The recommended practice is to make a climbing turn toward the landing runway until you are safely established on the missed approach course. Unless you have alternate instructions from ATC, fly the missed approach procedure for the approach that you used to get to the circle-to-land point. A few additional reminders on circle-to-land: Protected airspace for circling approaches is determined by the aircraft's approach category (see tables below.) Maneuvering Table Approach Category A     B C D E Speed (Knots) 0-90 91-120 121-140 141-165 Above 165 Circling Approach Area Radii Approach Category Radius (Miles) A 1.3 B 1.5 C 1.7 D 2.3 E 4.5 Plan your approach to arrive at the MDA prior to reaching the missed approach point. Always) know your position relative to the initial/final approach fix when you are being vectored. Sometimes ATC might get busy and give you a late turn, which could require a steeper bank than you would like. Since you are pilot in command, ask for vectors to another approach if things don't feel right. If you cannot do what ATC asks you to do, say so. Resources Estimating Flight Visibility How do you determine flight visibility when coming out of the clouds on an approach? If the approach has a lighting system, there are a number of clues in the system itself. Decision bar. Every approach lighting system has a "decision bar" located 1,000 feet from the runway threshold. These lights (or bar) are perpendicular to the approach lighting system. "Rabbit." There is another 1,000 foot clue in the sequenced flashing lights, known to pilots as the "rabbit." The sequenced flashing lights stop at the decision bar. If you are at the middle marker (MM) and you cannot see the runway threshold, look for the decision bar. Assume that you spot the decision bar. If you know that the MM is six tenths of a nautical mile (0.6) from the threshold, then you have 3,650 feet from the runway. Subtract the 1,000 feet from the threshold, which you cannot see, to the decision bar, which you have spotted, and that leave 2,650 feet -- just under 1/2 mile. If the minimum visibility for this approach is 1/2 mile, then you have the required visibility. Other Information Sources FAA-H-8083-15 Instrument Flying Handbook (http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/instrument_flying_handbook/) FAA-H-8261-1 Instrument Procedures Manual (http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/instrument_procedures_handbook/) GA Pilot's Guide to Weather Planning, Weather Self-Briefings, and Weather Decision Making.(http://www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/media/ga_weather_decision_making.pdf) Personal and Weather Risk Assessment Guide (http://www.faa.gov/education_research/tr. . .%20Risk%20Assessment%20Guide-V1.0.pdf) PAVE Personal Minimums Checklist (http://www.faa.gov/education_research/tr. . .a/personal%20minimums%20checklist.pdf) CFIT Advisory Circular (http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and. . .9FE4D96586256D04006F2065?OpenDocument)

La perseverancia

¡Caer está permitido. Levantarse es obligatorio!

                                                      proverbio ruso 

SARSEV Chile‏

SARSEV Chile‏ @SARSEVChile

¿Qué pasaría en Chile si hiciéramos esta encuesta? #CRM # FactoresHumanos # SeguridadOperacional Fuente: http://www.outcomy.com 

 jul. 2017

Sporty's Aviation Tips: Types of training airplanes

Power Off 180° Accuracy Approach & Landing

FSX Tutorial: Landing

Pista de SCCV

Excelente aporte para la Aviación en Chile, será el próximo estreno de la nueva pista asfaltada de SCCV.

Accidente e incidente para meditar y sacar conclusiones

Dos situaciones acaecidas durante la última semana, pero con resultados diferentes y consecuencias finales para ambos....

Dos errores humanos que finalizan con consecuencias distintas: Mientras en el primer caso se puede advertir un serio daño de la aeronave y una fractura en nariz sufrida por el Alumno Piloto producto del fuerte impacto, ocurrido por perdida de control de la aeronave durante la fase de aterrizaje en la pista de SCTS, durante un vuelo sólo, de instrucción . 

En el segundo caso, sólo sufrió un fuerte susto producto de un incidente en vuelo, en donde el Alumno Piloto, por equivocación cortó la selectora de combustible y ambos tripulantes de vuelo, tanto Alumno Piloto e Instructor de Vuelo, felizmente resultaron totalmente ilesos y sin daños para la aeronave, luego de aterrizar sin novedades en el sector del Lago Peñuela. 

En general, una emergencia muy bien conducida... 

Sin embargo, en ambos casos comentados existe un hecho común, y que debe llamar a la reflexión de la comunidad de Instructores de Vuelo y de la Autoridad Aeronaútica en Chile. 

Ambas aeronaves se encontraban certificadas y aeronavegables. Sin embargo, las dos operando sin un cinturón de seguridad de arnés (o de tres puntas), como lo establece la normativa del DAR - 06. 

Mucha suerte tuvimos en estos dos casos y también dar gracias a la divina providencia, que nos permite hoy que podamos comentar estos hechos, sin lamentar de perdidas humanas. 

Ojala, que podamos aprender la lección.....

Error Humano ¡¡

Cuando hay equipo, el error de uno es de todos. Y todos aprendemos de éste. #Trabajo En Equipo #Cultura Del Error # FFHH # Error Sistémico

Fuente: SARSEV

Emerge un nuevo vídeo del accidente aéreo en San Francisco

La toma de 47 minutos muestra el momento del impacto y como actúan los servicios de emergencia para rescatar a los pasajeros

SANDRO POZZI

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Nueva York 7 JUL 2017 - 20:11 CEST

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Hace justo cuatro años, un avión operado por la compañía Asiana Airlines se estrellaba contra la pista del aeropuerto de San Francisco en el momento en el que tomaba tierra tras cruzar el Pacífico. Las primeras imágenes, con la aeronave en llamas, hicieron temer lo peor. En el avión viajaban 292 pasajeros y 16 miembros de la tripulación. Ahora emerge un vídeo en el que muestra el momento en el que los equipos de emergencia acuden a la zona del siniestro para rescatar al mayor número de personas posible. Hubo solo tres víctimas mortales.

El vídeo dura 47 minutos. Las imágenes fueron captadas por una cámara de vigilancia en la torre de control. Se publicó el pasado 28 de junio en un canal de YouTube bajo el título “Lo que no habéis visto”. La toma arranca a las 11:27am, hora de la costa Oeste estadounidense. Al fondo se ve como el vuelo de Asiana Airlines 214 se aproxima a la pista y a los pocos segundos de levanta una nube de polvo.

El avión siniestrado era un B777, el bimotor de doble pasillo de la compañía Boeing para las rutas de largo recorrido. La aeronave tocó tierra con la panza y se partió al salir de la pista. A los 50 segundos del impacto se ve a los primeros pasajeros evacuando el aparato por las rampas de emergencia y por las alas, mientras las llamas y el humo empiezan a propagarse. A los pocos segundos llegan los bomberos.

El accidente fue fruto de un error humano, por la fatiga de los pilotos tras un largo viaje desde Corea del Sur. La fase final de la aproximación a la pista se realizó con una velocidad y una altura inferior de la necesaria para la maniobra con seguridad. El B777 golpeó el muro que eleva la pista desde el océano. Los sistemas del avión tampoco advirtieron debidamente a los pilotos.

Junto a los tres fallecidos, hubo 187 heridos. El portavoz del aeropuerto confirmó este jueves que el vídeo no es un montaje y que corresponde al momento del siniestro. Lo que no explican es quién y por qué lo publicó en las redes sociales, que suma más de 100.000 visitas. Si se sabe que el vídeo fue utilizado durante en la investigación del siniestro y después por el personal de emergencia para prepararse ante un evento similar.

I Forgot How To Land?! - Bad GA Landings

ASIANA FLIGHT 214 New Video Shows Entire Crash From Tower

Error humano ¡¡

Why Gear Up Landings Happen

Precaución con la Estela Turbulenta

FSX Tutorial: Crosswind Landings

TECHNIQUE: THE NEW SLOW FLIGHT

SAME MANEUVER, DIFFERENT SPEED

February 1, 2017 By Ian J. Twombly

In the past it was assumed students practiced slow flight to become proficient with flying the airplane at the edge of the performance envelope—a place where any further degradation in performance would make the wing stop flying. Not so, says the FAA. The Private Pilot Airman Certification Standards introduced a new definition of slow flight, something the FAA says is simply a clarification of the earlier maneuver. In the redefined method, the objective is not to get the airplane as slow as possible, but instead to fly at a relatively slow speed while avoiding the envelope’s edge. The thinking goes that recognizing that unstable condition and avoiding it are more important than being able to fly in a more extreme environment. 

Illustration by Charles Floyd

Thus, the standard for slow flight has changed. Here’s how to perform the new version.

Test Standards

Slow flight is a required item on the private pilot practical test. Here are the single-engine standards for the flying portion of the maneuver:

1. Select an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above the ground.

2. Establish and maintain an airspeed, approximately 5 to 10 knots above the 1-G stall speed, at which the airplane is capable of maintaining controlled flight without activating a stall warning.

3. Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents with landing gear, and flap configurations specified by the evaluator without activating a stall warning.

4. Divide attention between airplane control, traffic avoidance, and orientation.

5. Maintain the specified altitude, plus or minus 100 feet; specified heading, plus or minus 10 degrees; airspeed plus 10 and minus 0 knots; and specified angle of bank, plus or minus 10 degrees, or as recommended by the aircraft manufacturer to a safe maneuvering altitude